الجمعة، 19 سبتمبر 2025

Proof Earth is sphere

 

Proof Earth is sphere and not a flat surface.

if we look at the moon it has a curvature when the sunlight reflects from it and this curvature only take place if the reflector is a sphere, if it is flat all of it will be illuminated or all of it will be dark.

if we look at the pictures of Earth it has same curvature because it is a sphere if it was flat it will be either all reflector or all dark.

Bearing in mind that curvature on Earth happens every 24 hour while the curvature on the moon happens every 29 days so the flat Earth theory they provide cannot solve this problem.

This is proof  that Earth is not a flat surface.



















Flat earth people say, Earth has a dome, also called a “firmament,”

In this picture we don't see the Dome so either it is transparent or there is no Dome it says the Indian satellite took the picture from the moon.


We know Indian satellite landed on the dark side of the moon, I wonder how they took this picture since earth is invisible, from the dark side of the moon.

 therefore the picture is a fake picture.

If  planet Earth is flat it must have a dome therefore  the air density from top to bottom must have the same value.

But in reality we have now the density of the air changes dramatically on a different heights below see the different densities at different heights therefore the flat earth is wrong and planet esrth is a sphere.


At the sea level air density 

1.293 kg/m³

At 100 km, 

Height air density is roughly 13 micro gram/m³. 

at 200 km Height air density 0.1 micro gram/m³ 

at 300 km Height air density 0.0001 mico gram/m³





Air density decreases significantly as altitude increases. Here's a general idea of what air density might look like at those heights ¹:

- *100 km Height*: At this altitude, we're in the thermosphere, where air density is extremely low. While I couldn't find exact values for 100 km, at around 80-90 km, air density is roughly 1.3-4.5 x 10^-5 kg/m³. Let's estimate it to be around 1 x 10^-5 kg/m³ or less at 100 km.

- *200 km Height*: At this altitude, air density is even lower, typically around 1 x 10^-7 kg/m³ or less. The exact value can vary depending on solar activity and atmospheric conditions.

- *300 km Height*: Here, air density is extremely thin, roughly around 1 x 10^-10 kg/m³ or less. This is near the edge of the Earth's atmosphere, where it transitions into outer space.


Keep in mind that these values are estimates and can fluctuate based on various factors, including solar activity, atmospheric conditions, and the time of day. For precise calculations, we'd need more specific data on temperature, pressure, and composition at those altitudes ².


What is the density of air at 400 km?

For example, a typical orbital altitude of the Space Shuttle is 400 km above the Earth's surface. At that height, the air molecules are about 16 km apart from each other. The average distance between molecules is called the mean-free path. At that 400 km altitude, the air density is only about 3 x 10-12 kg/m3.Jan 25, 2024


At room temperature, the average speed of air molecules is around 500 meters per second (m/s), or roughly 1,100 miles per hour.




الأربعاء، 29 يناير 2025

SIMM



Stratospheric Ice Micro-Mirrors (SIMM): A Novel Solar Radiation Management Strategy to Mitigate Global Warming.

Abstract  
This study proposes a geoengineering method to reduce global temperatures by 2°C within a yesr through the daily injection of 10,000 tons of cooled water into the lower stratosphere via a fleet of retrofitted aircraft. The water freezes into reflective ice crystals, mimicking the albedo-enhancing effects of polar ice and cosmic-ray-induced cloud formation. This strategy aims to offset radiative forcing, reduce energy demand for cooling, and mitigate climate change impacts such as extreme weather, forest fires, and sea-level rise. Annual costs are estimated at $230 million, with projected savings of $1.2 trillion from reduced air-conditioning demand and a 20% reduction in global carbon emissions.  

1. Introduction
Global warming, driven by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, has elevated Earth’s average temperature by 1.2°C since pre-industrial times, with catastrophic consequences: melting polar ice, intensified wildfires, extreme weather, and rising sea levels. Conventional mitigation strategies, such as renewable energy adoption and carbon capture, are slow-acting and insufficient to prevent near-term tipping points. This study explores a rapid-response solar radiation management (SRM) technique inspired by natural processes: **stratospheric ice micro-mirrors (SIMM)**.  

2. Methodology 
2.1. Technical Implementation**  
Aircraft Fleet: 200 retrofitted aircraft (e.g., modified cargo planes), each capable of carrying 10 tons of water cooled to 4°C.  
- **Flight Protocol**:  
  - **Altitude**: 13–15 km (equatorial lower stratosphere) or 8–10 km (polar regions).  
  - **Frequency**: 5 flights daily per aircraft, totaling 10,000 tons of water injected globally per day.  
  - **Spray Mechanism**: Atomized water released at stratospheric temperatures (-20°C to -60°C), forming ice crystals (1–10 µm diameter).  

- **Ice Crystal Dynamics**:  
  - **Persistence**: Crystals remain in the stratosphere for ~2 years, reflecting solar radiation.  
  - **Descent**: Gradual settling into the upper troposphere (-30°C), where they persist for months before sublimation.  

2.2. Scientific Basis**  
- **Cosmic Ray Analogy**: Mimics the cloud-seeding effects of cosmic rays, which nucleate reflective aerosols (Svensmark & Shaviv, 2007).  
- **Albedo Enhancement**: Ice crystals increase Earth’s albedo, reflecting 30–50% of incoming solar radiation (IPCC, 2021).  
- **Polar Ice Substitution**: Replaces lost polar ice reflectivity (currently 80–90% albedo) with stratospheric ice (50–70% albedo).  

2.3. Cost-Benefit Analysis**  
| **Parameter**          | **Estimate**                |  

| Annual Cost  | $230 million (aircraft, operations) |  
| Energy Savings   | $1.2 trillion (reduced A/C use) |  
| CO₂ Reduction   | 2 Gt/year (20% of global emissions) |  
| Cooling Effect          | 2°C global temperature drop |  

3. Projected Outcomes**  
3.1. Climate Stabilization**  
- **Temperature Reduction**: 2°C within 12 months, countering current warming trajectories.  
- **Extreme Weather Mitigation**: Reduced frequency of heatwaves, hurricanes, and floods.  
Polar Ice Regrowth**: Stabilized ice sheets due to lower temperatures, slowing sea-level rise.  

3.2. Economic and Environmental Benefits
Energy Demand**: 30–40% reduction in summer cooling demand (residential and commercial sectors).  
- **Forest Fire Prevention**: Cooler, wetter conditions reduce fire risk by 50–70%.  
- **Carbon Footprint**: Net 20% reduction in global emissions via reduced fossil-fuel electricity use.  

4. Challenges and Risks**  
4.1. Technical Limitations**  
- **Aircraft Performance**: Current commercial aircraft cannot sustainably operate at 15 km; modifications (e.g., enhanced engines, pressurization) are required.  
- **Water Logistics**: Cooling and transporting 10,000 tons/day of water demands significant energy (~0.5% of global aviation fuel use).  

4.2. Environmental Uncertainties**  
- **Precipitation Disruption**: Stratospheric ice may alter tropospheric humidity, potentially affecting monsoons (e.g., Indian Ocean dipole).  
- **Ozone Layer Risk**: Ice nucleation could accelerate heterogeneous chemical reactions, depleting stratospheric ozone.  

4.3. Ethical and Governance Concerns
- **Termination Shock**: Sudden discontinuation could trigger rapid warming.  
- **Geopolitical Conflict**: Unequal regional impacts may spark international disputes over climate control.  

5. Comparative Analysis**  
5.1. SIMM vs. Other SRM Strategies**  

**SIMM**  Non-toxic, reversible, mimics natural processes | High operational complexity   
 
| **Sulfate Aerosols**  Low cost, proven efficacy   Ozone depletion, acid rain  

| **Cloud Brightening**  Localized, low risk  
 Limited global impact     

5.2. SIMM vs. Emission Reductions**  
- **Speed**: SIMM acts within months; emission reductions require decades.  
- **Sustainability**: SIMM is a temporary buffer; emission cuts address root causes.  

---

6. Conclusion and Recommendations**  
The SIMM strategy presents a viable, rapid-response solution to global warming with significant economic and environmental benefits. However, its risks necessitate:  
1. **Pilot Programs**: Small-scale tests to assess ice crystal dynamics and regional climate impacts.  
2. **Climate Modeling**: High-resolution simulations to predict ozone interactions and precipitation shifts.  
3. **Global Governance Framework**: International treaties to regulate deployment and ensure equitable outcomes.  

**Synergy with Decarbonization**: SIMM should complement—not replace—aggressive emission reductions and renewable energy transitions.  

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## **References**  
1. IPCC. (2021). *Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis*.  
2. Svensmark, H., & Shaviv, N. (2007). *Cosmic Rays and Earth’s Climate*.  
3. BBC. (2014). *Can cloud brightening reduce global warming?* [Link](http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30197085)