The Dual Nature of Forces and Long Distance Gravity (LDG).
At the subnuclear level inside the nucleus, we have two forces: the strong force and the weak force. They exist as a dual pair.
When we step just outside the nucleus, at the level of electrons, we again have a dual pair: the electric force and the magnetic force. Both can act at a distance, but they behave differently. The electric force is relatively short range, perhaps effective up to tens or hundreds of meters in practical terms, while the magnetic force can extend much farther, for thousands and thousands of miles.
Then we come to gravity. Currently gravity is described as a single force. This breaks the pattern. It should not be single, it must also be dual.
I propose there are two gravities:
*1. Short Distance Gravity (SDG):* This is the gravity we know and feel every day. It is the gravity between us and the ground, between a cup and the Earth when it falls. It is the gravity that holds stars together and governs interactions between stars within a galaxy.
*2. Long Distance Gravity (LDG):* This is a second form of gravity. At short distances, it is slightly weaker than the familiar gravity, so we cannot feel it here on Earth. But it has an effect over very, very long distances, just as magnetism extends much farther than electricity.
This explains what we observe with galaxies. Galaxies are attracted to each other much more strongly than the visible matter and the known short-distance gravity would allow. To solve this, scientists invented dark matter and dark force.
In this view, dark matter is an illusion. There is no need for it. The missing attraction is provided by Long Distance Gravity.
We still do not know what gravity is made of. No one has found its particle or its composition, but we know it exists. In the same way, LDG exists. It is simply the long-range partner of the gravity we already know, analogous to how magnetism is the long-range partner of electricity.
Therefore, galaxies are attracted to each other not by dark matter, but by LDG.
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